Bismuth, esomeprazole, metronidazole, and minocycline or tetracycline as a first-line regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized controlled trial / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Given the general unavailability, common adverse effects, and complicated administration of tetracycline, the clinical application of classic bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) is greatly limited. Whether minocycline can replace tetracycline for Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) eradication is unknown. We aimed to compare the eradication rate, safety, and compliance between minocycline- and tetracycline-containing BQT as first-line regimens.@*METHODS@#This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 434 naïve patients with H . pylori infection. The participants were randomly assigned to 14-day minocycline-containing BQT group (bismuth potassium citrate 110 mg q.i.d., esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d., metronidazole 400 mg q.i.d., and minocycline 100 mg b.i.d.) and tetracycline-containing BQT group (bismuth potassium citrate/esomeprazole/metronidazole with doses same as above and tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d.). Safety and compliance were assessed within 3 days after eradication. Urea breath test was performed at 4-8 weeks after eradication to evaluate outcome. We used a noninferiority test to compare the eradication rates of the two groups. The intergroup differences were evaluated using Pearson chi-squared or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t -test for continuous variables.@*RESULTS@#As for the eradication rates of minocycline- and tetracycline-containing BQT, the results of both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses showed that the difference rate of lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) was >-10.0% (ITT analysis: 181/217 [83.4%] vs . 180/217 [82.9%], with a rate difference of 0.5% [-6.9% to 7.9%]; PP analysis: 177/193 [91.7%] vs . 176/191 [92.1%], with a rate difference of -0.4% [-5.6% to 6.4%]). Except for dizziness more common (35/215 [16.3%] vs . 13/214 [6.1%], P = 0.001) in minocycline-containing therapy groups, the incidences of adverse events (75/215 [34.9%] vs . 88/214 [41.1%]) and compliance (195/215 [90.7%] vs . 192/214 [89.7%]) were similar between the two groups.@*CONCLUSION@#The eradication efficacy of minocycline-containing BQT was noninferior to tetracycline-containing BQT as first-line regimen for H . pylori eradication with similar safety and compliance.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR 1900023646.

Adenitis cervical con anaerobios sin causa aparente en lactante / Cervical adenitis with anaerobes without apparent cause in infant

Las adenopatías cervicales benignas en lactantes son relativamente frecuentes, se definen como el aumento de volumen ganglionar de más de 1 cm, sin síntomas sistémicos y cuando están presentes, el término correcto es adenitis. Para su estudio, las adenitis se dividen en: locales, sistémicas, unilaterales, bilaterales, agudas, crónicas, y por edad, con diferentes etiologías. Se presenta el caso clínico de un lactante de 11 meses de edad con diagnóstico de adenitis cervical abscedada unilateral aguda, con cuadro de 72 h de evolución, con crecimiento constante a nivel cervical derecho, compromiso del estado general, fiebre y anorexia, por lo que se inician antibióticos de primera línea para los agentes bacterianos más frecuentes (Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus pyogenes), con evolución tórpida a las 48 h, por lo que se solicita ultrasonido cervical, ya que la familia no contaba con recursos para solicitar cultivo o tomografía, reportando el ultrasonido ganglio cervical de 3,5 cm de diámetro abscedado, por lo que se agrega cobertura para anaerobios, con respuesta muy favorable a las 24 h. Queda la duda del origen de los anaerobios en la paciente, sin antecedentes de importancia y en grupo etario diferente al afectado por esos gérmenes. Consideramos este caso interesante por su comportamiento atípico, para el enriquecimiento del ejercicio de la otorrinolaringología, recalcando el invaluable apoyo de la clínica y solo con un ultrasonido, ya que no siempre se tendrán todos los recursos disponibles, pero siguiendo las pautas de lo reportado en la literatura, se tuvo una resolución exitosa.

Benign cervical lymphadenopathies in infants are relatively frequent, they are defined as an increase in lymph node volume of more than 1 cm, without systemic symptoms, and when they are present, the correct term is adenitis. For its study, adenitis is divided into: local, systemic, unilateral, bilateral, acute, chronic, and by age, with different etiologies. An 11-month-old infant with a diagnosis of acute unilateral abscessed cervical adenitis, with a 72 h evolution, with constant growth at the right cervical level, fever and anorexia, for which first-line antibiotics were started to the most frequent bacterial agents (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes), with torpid evolution at 48 h, for which only cervical ultrasound is requested, since the family did not have the resources to request culture or tomography, reporting the cervical ganglion ultrasound of 3.5 cm of abscessed diameter, so coverage for anaerobes is added, with a very favorable response at 24 hrs. There remains the doubt of the origin of the anaerobes in the patient, without important antecedents and in an age group different from that affected by these germs. We consider this case interesting due to its atypical behavior, for the enrichment of the otolaryngology exercise, emphasizing the invaluable support of the clinic, and only with an ultrasound, since other clinical tools were not available, but following the guidelines of what is reported in literature, there was a successful resolution.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de osteomielitis mandibular crónica / Diagnosis and treatment of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis

Introducción: La osteomielitis mandibular crónica es considerada como una infección odontogénica que cursa con tumefacción de la cara, limitación de la abertura bucal y dolor. Pocas veces es tratada a través de gammagrafías con fijación a ciprofloxacino con la consiguiente obtención de resultados efectivos. Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico de osteomielitis mandibular crónica tratada con terapia antibiótica y quirúrgica. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de 63 años de edad que acudió al servicio de estomatología del Hospital María Auxiliadora, Lima, Perú; con un historial de tres meses de hinchazón creciente a nivel del borde inferior izquierdo de la mandíbula desde que le realizaron una extracción dentaria. Los exámenes tomográficos, gammagrafía, biopsia y antibiograma confirmaron la osteomielitis y la susceptibilidad bacteriana. La decorticación, debridamiento, exodoncia y la administración de metronidazol más vancomicina por dos meses permitió la remisión del cuadro. Conclusiones: El seguimiento clínico de dos años y las gammagrafías de evaluación permitieron verificar la presencia de regeneración ósea y ausencia de focos de reactivación. La osteomielitis crónica puede ser provocada por restos de exodoncias dentarias. Su diagnóstico y seguimiento clínico requiere de múltiples exámenes y controles a largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis is considered to be an odontogenic infection manifesting as facial tumefaction, limited mouth opening and pain. It is not often enough treated with ciprofloxacin fixation gammagraphies with the consequent achievement of effective results. Objective: Describe a clinical case of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis treated with antibiotic and surgical therapy. Case presentation: A female 63-year-old patient attends the dental service at María Auxiliadora Hospital in Lima, Peru, with a history of three-months' swelling of the lower left edge of her mandible upon performance of a dental extraction. Tomographic examination, gammagraphy, biopsy and antibiograms confirmed the presence of osteomyelitis and bacterial susceptibility. Decortication, debridement, exodontia and administration of metronidazole plus vancomycin for two months led to remission of the patient's status. Conclusions: Two-year clinical follow-up and evaluation gammagraphies made it possible to verify the presence of bone regeneration and the absence of reactivation foci. Chronic osteomyelitis may be caused by remains of dental exodontias. Its diagnosis and clinical follow-up require a large number of long-term tests and controls(AU)

Endometrite crônica e infertilidade / Chronic endometritis and infertility

A endometrite crônica (EC) é uma doença que, apesar de ainda pouco investigada, tem sido associada a resultados reprodutivos desfavoráveis. Estudos têm mostrado que a EC pode prejudicar a receptividade endometrial, levando a falhas de implantação e perdas gestacionais recorrentes. Os métodos padronizados para diagnóstico incluem histeroscopia, histologia para pesquisa de plasmócitos e cultura endometrial para identificação de agentes bacterianos. O tratamento com antibióticos para EC parece melhorar as taxas de gestação e nascidos vivos em pacientes com falhas de implantação e perdas gestacionais recorrentes sem causa conhecida. Esta publicação tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão da etiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da EC, seu impacto no microambiente endometrial e sua associação com infertilidade. Esta revisão narrativa da literatura atualizada sintetiza os achados encontrados em bases de dados computadorizadas.(AU)

Chronic endometritis (CE) is a poorly investigated disease, which has been related to adverse reproductive outcomes. Published studies have shown that CE can impair endometrial receptivity, which is associated with implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss. The standard tools for diagnosis include hysteroscopy, histology to identification of plasma cells and endometrial culture for identification of bacterial pathogens. Effective antibiotic treatment for CE seems to improve the pregnancy and live birth rates in patients with implantation failure and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. This paper intends to provide an overview of etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of CE, its impact on endometrial microenvironment and its association with infertility. This narrative review of the current literature synthesizes the findings retrieved from searches in computerized databases.(AU)

Dermatitis periorifical en niños: presentación de casos clínicos / Periorificial dermatitis in children: case reports

La dermatitis periorificial, es una erupción acneiforme que comúnmente afecta la región perioral y con frecuencia se extiende alrededor de la nariz y los ojos. Los mayores reportes son en mujeres de 20 a 45 años y en menor proporción en menores de 18 años. Su etiología es desconocida, pero se ha asociado al uso de glucocorticoides tópicos, inhalados y sistémicos. Objetivo: presentar una serie de casos de dermatititis periorificial, asociados con el uso indiscriminado de glucocorticoides, que respondieron eficazmente al tratamiento con metronidazol tópico, solo o combinado con doxiciclina. Presentación de casos clínicos: se describen cinco pacientes de sexo femenino, edades comprendidas entre 4 y 18 años, atendidos en la consulta ambulatoria de Dermatología. En cuatro casos, se documentó el uso prolongado de glucocorticoides tópicos/inhalados, de estos, tres presentaron lesiones papulares eritematosas o color piel, escasas pústulas, asintomáticas o prurito leve, localizadas a nivel perioral, perinasal y periocular; perioral y perinasal en uno y solamente perioral en otro. El tratamiento con metronidazol tópico fue exitoso en los cinco pacientes y en uno se combinó con doxiciclina oral. Conclusiones: el manejo de la dermatitis periorificial puede responder eficazmente al metronidazol tópico y dada su asociación al uso de glucocorticoides, se recomienda evitar el uso injustificado y prolongado de los mismos, tanto en forma tópica como inhalada o sistémica...(AU)

Modern aspects of rosacea therapy

This work is aimed at studying the problems of timely diagnostics and therapy of various forms of rosacea, identifying the factors that influence the compliance, prognosis, and quality of life of the patients, as well as the stages of combination therapy. The efficiency of rosacea therapy is determined by the timely identification of patients, as well as the clinical variety of the disease. Complex therapy of rosacea includes identification of the precipitating factors, basic skincare, and the use of systemic and local pathogenetic preparations. The "Gold Standard" of topical rosacea therapy is the antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drug called metronidazole. An important role in disease therapy is played by active cooperation between the doctor and the patient. Comprehensiveness, timeliness, and rationality of rosacea therapy are defined not only by the mechanisms of the disease development but also by aggravating factors, the need for basic care and photosensitivity of the patients

Nuevos retos en el tratamiento de la infección por helicobacter pylori / New challenges in the treatment of the infection for helicobacter pylori

RESUMEN La infección por helicobacter pylori afecta aproximadamente al 50% de la población mundial, es causante de gastritis crónica, úlcera péptica, cáncer gástrico y linfoma del tejido linfoide asociado a la mucosa. Desde su descubrimiento, la erradicación ha sido uno de los más importantes retos en Gastroenterología. En muchos países se desconoce la prevalencia de resistencia primaria del microorganismo a los diferentes antibióticos que empíricamente se utilizan, y por no realizar pruebas de rutina que verifican su erradicación en la práctica diaria, se ignora la efectividad de los esquemas prescritos. El incremento progresivo de la resistencia a la claritromicina y metronidazol, unido a una ausencia de antibioticoterapia alternativa, desafía la capacidad para eliminar de manera efectiva a ésta bacteria. El subcitrato de bismuto ha resurgido y su adición en la terapia ha permitido aumentar las tasas de curación por encima del 90%. Actualmente se invoca que para mejorar la eficacia en el tratamiento se debe combinar una supresión potente del ácido gástrico en tratamientos combinados cuádruples con una duración de 14 días, para la mayoría de los casos. La adherencia al tratamiento es crucial para obtener buenos resultados terapéuticos.

ABSTRACT The infection for helicobacter pylori affects approximately to the world population's 50%, it is causing of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and linfoma associated to the mucous one. From their discovery, the eradication has been one of the most important challenges in Gastroenterología. In many countries the prevalencia of primary resistance is ignored from the microorganism to the different antibiotics that empirically they are used, and for not carrying out routine tests that verify its eradication in the daily practice, the effectiveness of the prescribed outlines it is ignored. The progressive increment of the resistance to the claritromicina and metronidazol, together to an absence of alternative antibioticotherapy, challenges the capacity to eliminate from an effective way to this bacteria. The bismuth subcitrato has resurged and its addition in the therapy has allowed to increase the cure rates above 90%. At the moment it is invoked that to improve the effectiveness in the treatment, that is should combine a potent suppression of the gastric acid in combined quadruple treatments with a duration of 14 days, for most of the cases. The adherence to the treatment is crucial to obtain therapeutic good results.

Helicobacter pylori: resistencia múltiple en pacientes de Bogotá, Colombia / Helicobacter pylori: Multiple resistance in patients from Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La resistencia a los antibióticos es la principal causa del fracaso del tratamiento contra Helicobacter pylori; la claritromicina y el metronidazol son los antibióticos que generan mayor resistencia. En Colombia, la resistencia primaria a estos dos antibióticos y el uso excesivo de levofloxacina han alcanzado los límites aceptados (13,6, 83 y 16 %, respectivamente). A pesar de ello, se usa el tratamiento empírico combinando estos antibióticos en pacientes en los que ha fallado anteriormente. Objetivo. Determinar la resistencia a los antibióticos en pacientes previamente tratados para H. pylori en Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo en el que se evaluó mediante dilución en agar la resistencia a la amoxicilina, la claritromicina, la levofloxacina y el metronidazol en 10 aislamientos provenientes de 5 pacientes con tres o cuatro tratamientos fallidos para H. pylori. La resistencia a los antibióticos se confirmó mediante secuenciación de ADN (Magrogen, Korea). Resultados. Ocho de los aislamientos presentaron resistencia a dos o más antibióticos y todos fueron resistentes a la levofloxacina. Los patrones de sensibilidad de los aislamientos provenientes del antro pilórico y del cuerpo del estómago, fueron diferentes en tres de los pacientes. Conclusión. Hasta donde se sabe, esta es la primera evidencia de resistencia múltiple de H. pylori en Colombia en pacientes previamente tratados. Los resultados evidenciaron las consecuencias del uso de un esquema ineficaz de tratamiento antibiótico y la necesidad de evaluar la sensibilidad a los antibióticos en diferentes sitios anatómicos del estómago. La resistencia múltiple limita el número de antibióticos útiles para erradicar H. pylori.

Abstract Introduction: The main cause for Helicobacter pylori infection treatment failure is antibiotic resistance, where clarithromycin and metronidazole play the main role. In Colombia, primary resistance as a consequence of the use of these two antibiotics and excessive levofloxacin use is above the accepted limit (13.6%, 83%, and 16%, respectively). Despite this fact, empirical therapies that include the combination of these antibiotics are used in patients with previous therapeutic failure. Objective: To determine antibiotic resistance in patients previously treated for H. pylori in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive study that included ten isolates obtained from five patients with three or four previous failed treatments for H. pylori. Antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole was investigated by agar dilution and confirmed by DNA sequencing (Magrogen, Korea). Results: Eight isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to levofloxacin. Susceptibility patterns in isolates from the gastric antrum and the body of the stomach were different in three patients. Conclusion: As far as we know, this is the first evidence of multiple H. pylori resistance in Colombia in previously treated patients. Results demonstrated the consequences of using an ineffective antibiotic scheme and the need to assess antibiotic susceptibility in different anatomical sites of the stomach. The consequences of multiple resistance decrease possible antibiotic effectiveness to eradicate H. pylori in the future.

Microbiological and clinical effects of adjunctive systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin in the non-surgical treatment of peri-implantitis: 1 year follow-up

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adjunct systemic antibiotic treatment with metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX) in patients receiving non-surgical subgingival debridement (NSD) for peri-implantitis. Forty subjects presenting with at least one implant with severe peri-implantitis were randomized into an experimental group [treated with NSD plus MTZ (400 mg) and AMX (500 mg) three times a day for 14 days] and a control group treated with NSD plus placebo. Clinical parameters and submucosal biofilm profiles were evaluated up to 1 year post-treatment. Overall, both treatments improved clinical parameters over time. At 1 year, mean probing depth (PD), mean clinical attachment (CA) level and proportions of red complex pathogens did not differ significantly between the two groups. In addition, mean PD and CA changes to 1-year posttreatment did not differ significantly between the two groups between baseline and 1-year post-treatment. These results suggest that the addition of MTZ and AMX to the treatment protocol of patients undergoing NSD for with severe peri-implantitis does not improve the clinical and microbiological outcomes of NSD. The fact that half of the implants in both groups did not achieve clinical success (PD < 5 mm, no BoP, no bone loss) suggest that neither of the tested protocols were effective for treating severe peri-implantitis.

Effect of sequential therapy on treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children / Efecto de la terapia secuencial en el tratamiento de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en niños

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection which plays a major role in the etiology of chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcers in children and adults is one of the commonest chronic infection worldwide. Cure of the infection leads to healing of gastric inflammation and prevention of peptic ulcer. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the sequential therapy for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and methods: In this study, 40 children with symptoms of H. Pylori that the infection was proved by endoscopy and biopsy and rapid urease test (UBT) were enrolled, and received sequential therapy (Lansoprazol, Amoxicillin) for 5 days and (Lansoprazol, Metronidazole and Clarithromycin) for next 5 days. The eradication rate of therapy was evaluated by stool antigen test 6 weeks after completion of therapy. This study was carried out in Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. This study was approved by ethic committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Results: Forty children with mean age of (10.8±4 years) were evaluated. The most common symptom on first admission was epigastric pain (82.5%), with mean duration of symptoms (16±14.5 month). The most common endoscopic findings was redness and erosion of the antrum (55%) and the most pathologic findings was chronic gastritis (77.5%). The most drug adverse effect was nausea (22.5%). The eradication rate of sequential therapy was 82.5%. Conclusion: Eradication rate of sequential therapy was 82.5% among our cases.

Antecedentes: La infección por Helicobacter pylori, que juega un rol principal en la etiología de la gastritis crónica y las úlceras duodenales en niños y adultos, es una de las infecciones crónicas más comunes en el mundo. La cura de esta infección lleva a la cura de la inflamación gástrica y a la prevención de la úlcera péptica. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la terapia secuencial en el tratamiento de la infección por Helicobacter pylori. Material y métodos: En este estudio, se enrolaron 40 niños con síntomas en los que la infección por H. pylori se demostró por endocopía con biopsia y prueba rápida de ureasa (UBT) y recibieron terapia secuencial (Lansoprazol, Amoxicilina) por 5 días y (lansoprazol, metronidazol y clarotromicina) por otros 5 días. La tasa de erradicación de la terapia se evaluó por prueba de antígeno en heces 6 semanas después de terminar la terapia. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en la Clínica de Gastroenterología Pediátrica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Shiraz, Irán. El estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Shiraz. Resultados: Se evaluaron cuarenta niños con una edad media de (10,8±4 años). El síntoma más común al ingreso fue dolor epigástrico (82,5%) con una duración media de síntomas de (16±14,5 meses). El hallazgo endoscópico más común fue enrojecimiento y erosión del antro (55%) y el hallazgo patológico más común fue gastritis crónica (77,5%). El evento adverso más común fue náusea (22,5%). La tasa de erradicación de la terapia secuencial fue 82,5%. Conclusión: La tasa de erradicación de la terapia secuencial fue de 82,5% en nuestros casos.

effect of prangos ferulacea vaginal cream on accelerating the recovery of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: The present study was conducted on the effect of prangos ferulacea vaginal cream on accelerating the recovery of bacterial vaginosis

Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 non-pregnant women referring to health centers affiliated to Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in 2016 with the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis based on the patient's complaints, Amsel's clinical criteria, and the Nugent microscopic criteria. The women were randomly divided into two groups of 50. One group was treated with oral metronidazole plus Prangos ferulacea vaginal cream and the other with oral metronidazole plus a placebo vaginal cream for seven days. The patient's complaints, Amsel's clinical criteria and the Nugent microscopic criteria were assessed seven days after treatment. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20, with a significance level of 0.05

Results: The response to oral metronidazole plus Prangos ferulacea vaginal cream treatment was 94% according to Amsel's clinical criteria and 88% according to the Nugent microscopic criteria. The response to oral metronidazole plus placebo vaginal cream treatment was 94% according to Amsel's criteria and 86% according to the Nugent criteria. The analysis of the patients' complaints, Amsel's clinical criteria and the Nugent microscopic criteria showed significant differences in each group before and after the treatment

Conclusion: This trial showed that Prangos ferulacea vaginal cream accelerated the recovery of bacterial vaginosis of patients with bacterial vaginosis. It can be used effectively as a complementary treatment with oral metronidazole in cases of medication resistance and also in people wishing to use herbal remedies

Amebiasis intestinal y hepática / Intestinal and hepatic amebiasis

Amebiasis is the infection by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan capable of invading the colonic mucosa causing a diarrheic syndrome, although most of the time is mild, it can lead to a fulminating colitis. Sometimes it can spread to other organs; among extra-intestinal manifestations of this parasite, the most frequent is the amebic liver abscess. In the next pages, general aspects of this protozoan, its epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment are reviewed, emphasizing the possibilities of diagnosis and treatment available in Chile.

La amebiasis corresponde a la infección por Entamoeba histolytica, protozoo capaz de invadir la mucosa del colon provocando un cuadro diarréico que, si bien la mayoría de las veces es leve, puede llegar a una colitis fulminante. En algunas oportunidades puede diseminarse a otros órganos; dentro de las manifestaciones extra-intestinales de este parásito, la más frecuente es el absceso hepático amebiano. A continuación se revisan aspectos generales de este protozoo, su epidemiología, cuadro clínico, diagnóstico y tratamiento, destacando las posibilidades de diagnóstico y tratamiento disponibles en Chile.

Reservoritis/pouchitis: fisiopatología y manejo basado en la evidencia / Reservoirs/pouchitis: physiopathology and evidence-based management

Pouchitis is a frequent complication following proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, mainly in patients with ulcerative colitis. Though etiology is still unknown, evidence shows that there is a relation with host microbiota. Management of chronic refractory pouchitis is challenging, and current evidence showns that the use of biologic agents may have a favourable response.

La reservoritis es una complicación frecuente en pacientes en quienes se ha practicado una proctocolectomía con reservorio ileal, principalmente en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa. La etiología si bien es desconocida, la evidencia actual apunta a que exista una relación con la microbiota del huésped. La reservoritis refractaria crónica es un desafio en el manejo y actualmente ha surgido evidencia que apunta que el uso de biológicos puede tener una respuesta favorable.

Manejo actualizado de la diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile / Updated management of diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile

The management of Clostridium difficile (CD) infection has changed in recent years. The latest clinical guidelines and systematic reviews suggest the use of vancomycin orally as the first line of treatment regardless the severity of the crisis (main difference compared to previous recommendations), this is due to changes in its epidemiology, the decrease in effectiveness and the increase of recurrences with the use of metronidazole, particularly in severe crisis. In addition, the use of new agents such as fidaxomicin has been approved. Fulminant crisis require an aggressive management combining oral treatment, enemas and intravenous therapy in addition to a collaborative management with the surgery team. With respect to recurrences, the use of vancomycin in pulses and with extended therapy schemes is suggested; fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is also an attractive therapy for patients with multiple recurrences. The following is a summary of the latest recommendations and available evidence regarding the management of CD infection in the most frequent situations, both in first crisis and in its recurrences.

El manejo de la infección por Clostridium difficile (CD) ha tenido modificaciones los últimos años. Las últimas guías clínicas y revisiones sistemáticas sugieren el uso de vancomicina vía oral como primera línea de tratamiento independiente de la severidad de la crisis (diferencia principal con recomendaciones previas), esto debido a cambios en su epidemiología, la disminución de la efectividad y al aumento de las recurrencias con el uso de metronidazol, particularmente en crisis severas. Además, han sido aprobados el uso de nuevos agentes como la fidaxomicina. Las crisis de carácter fulminante requieren un manejo agresivo combinando terapia oral, vía enemas e intravenosa, además de un manejo en conjunto con el equipo de cirugía. Respecto a las recurrencias se sugiere el uso de vancomicina en pulsos y con esquemas de terapia extendida siendo además, el trasplante de microbiota fecal (FMT) una terapia atractiva para pacientes con múltiples recurrencias. A continuación se resumen las últimas recomendaciones y evidencia disponible respecto del manejo de la infección por CD en las situaciones más frecuentes, tanto en la primera crisis como en sus recurrencias.

Efectividad de un nuevo régimen simplificado en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori. Estudio prospectivo realizado en una clínica privada de Lima Metropolitana / New simplified regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication achieves high effectiveness. Prospective study in a private clinic in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de dos nuevos esquemas para el tratamiento de Helicobacter pylori frente al esquema triple convencional de amoxilina, claritromicina y un inhibidor de bomba de protones. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, no aleatorio, realizado en una clínica privada de Lima, Perú. Los pacientes con infección por Helicobacter demostrada por endoscopia con biopsia y/o test de la ureasa, recibieron uno de tres tratamientos en estudio y fueron examinados mediante el test del aliento con urea C14, entre 1 y 6 meses después. Resultados: El tratamiento triple convencional solo logró la erradicación en 49/68 casos (71,2%) y el cuádruple con doxiciclina, metronidazol, bismuto y esomeprazol lo hizo en 52/62 casos (83,9%) siendo esta diferencia no significativa (p>0,1). El esquema simplificado de doxiciclina, furazolidona y bismuto logró curar a 79/83 pacientes (95,2%) superando a los dos anteriores con valor significativo (p<0,005 y p<0,05 respectivamente). Conclusiones: El tratamiento triple convencional para Helicobacter no está alcanzando niveles aceptables de efectividad en nuestra institución. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas; por lo que sería útil validar con nuevos estudios los buenos resultados logrados por el régimen Simplificado de doxiciclina, furazolidona y bismuto que aquí presentamos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of two new therapeutic regimes for Helicobacter pylori versus triple therapy that includes a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Materials and methods: prospective study, non-randomized, in a private Hospital in Lima, Peru. Patients with biopsy and/or rapid ureasa test proven Helicobacter pylori infection received one of the three therapeutic regimens and were followed with a urea breath test 1 to 6 months upon completion of therapy. Results: Triple therapy achieved eradication in 49/68 of cases (71.2%); quadruple therapy (doxycycline + metronidazole + bismuth + esomeprazole) in 52/62 (83.9%), and the simplified regimen with doxycycline + furazolidone + bismuth, obtained success in 79/83 of cases (95.2%). Statistically significant difference with p<0.005 and p<0.05 respectively. Conclusion: Triple therapy against Hp does not achieve acceptable effectiveness in our institution. This highlights the need to look for new therapeutic options, being the simplified regime (doxycycline, furazolidone and bismuth) used in the current study a good option, requiring further studies for validation.

Antibioticoterapia y nuevas terapias no farmacológicas en infecciones por clostridium diffici / Antibiotic therapy and new non-pharmacological therapies in clostridium diffici infections

Resumen:La infección por Clostridium difficile es la principal causa de diarrea infecciosa en pacientes hospitalizados. Los pacientes pueden ser portadores asintomáticos o presentar desde una diarrea leve a una colitis pseudomembranosa, megacolon tóxico, sepsis y muerte. El manejo de esta infección sigue presentando puntos de controversia, tanto en la elección del mejor método diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. En los casos en los cuales la infección por este agente fue confirmada la primera y más efectiva medida es suspender la antibioticoterapia que el paciente este recibiendo, en la medida de lo posible. El tratamiento se basa en tres agentes clásicos: metronidazol, vancomicina y teicoplanina con la más reciente adición de fidaxomicina y ridinilazol. Pacientes con presentación severa muchas veces requieren resolución quirúrgica además de las medidas de soporte y monitoreo. El objetivo de esta revisión es ofrecer información actualizada sobre la patogénesis y estrategias terapéuticas sobre el manejo de la infección por este patógeno.

Abstract:Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of hospital acquired diarrhea. The patients can be asymptomatic carriers or present a mild diarrhea, a pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, sepsis and death. There is controversy in this infection's including the best method of diagnosis and also regarding therapeutic regimen.In cases in which Clostridium infection is confirmed, the first and most effective measure is the withdrawal of any antibiotic treatment the patient is receiving, if possible. The antimicrobial treatment is based on three classic agents: metronidazole, vancomycin and teicoplanin, along with the recent addition of fidaxomicin and ridinilazol.Patients presenting serious symptoms, in addition to appropriate support and monitoring measures, may require surgical treatment. This review's aim is to provide an update on the pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies on the management of this pathogen.

Improving the standard sequential treatment of Helicobacter pylori with either extended treatment or by adding bismuth

Background and study aims: Standard sequential treatment for Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] eradication has less success because of increasing clarithromycin resistance. Extended treatment and bismuth containing regimens were, therefore, investigated

Patients and methods: Consecutive H. pylori-positive patients with dyspepsia were randomly allocated to one of the three sequential regimens: The first group was given lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. for the first 5 days, followed by lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d. for the second 5 days [standard sequential, SS]. The second group was given the same regimen but for 7 + 7 days instead of 5 + 5 days [extended sequential, ES]. In the third group, colloidal bismuth 600 mg b.i.d. was added to the second regimen for 14 days [extended sequential + bismuth subcitrate, ES + B]. Urea breath test or histology was performed before enrolment and 6 weeks after the end of treatment to detect H. pylori

Results: A total of 280 patients were included in the study. Per-protocol eradication rates were 62% [56/90], 72% [56/78], and 75% [54/72] in patients who received SS, ES, and ES + B regimens, respectively. Moreover, intention-to-treat eradication rates were 53% [56/104], 62% [56/90] and 62% [54/86], respectively. The differences in eradication rates between the groups were not statistically significant

Conclusion: Although prolonging of the sequential treatment to 14 days may be considered, addition of bismuth to the regimen is of no avail

Therapeutic success with bismuth-containing sequential and quadruple regimens in Helicobacter pylori eradication

Background and study aims: The success rate of Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] eradication with the classical triple therapy is gradually declining. In this study, we aimed to compare and assess the efficacies of six different eradication regimens including sequential protocols

Patients and methods: Endoscopically confirmed nonulcer dyspepsia patients were enrolled. H. pylori presence was determined either histologically or by a rapid urease test. Treatment-naive patients were randomly assigned to an either one of three 10-day [OAC, OTMB, and OACB] or one of three sequential protocols [OA + OCM, OA + OCMB, and OA + OMDB] [O = omeprazole, A = amoxicillin, C = clarithromycin, T = tetracycline, M = metronidazole, B = bismuth, D = doxycycline]. The eradication was assessed 6-8 weeks after the completion of the treatment by a 14C-urea breath test

Results: In total, 301 patients were included. Fifty-two percent of the participants [n = 157] were female, and the mean age was 44.9 years [range = 18-70]. The intention to treat [ITT] and per protocol [PP] eradication rate for each regimen is as follows: OAC [ITT = 61.2%, PP = 75%], OTMB [83.3%, 87%], OACB [76.5%, 79.6%], OA + OCM [72.3%, 73.9%], OA + OCMB [82.7%, 89.6%], and OA + OMDB [59.3%, 65.3%]. Smoking significantly affected the eradication rate [P = 0.04]

Conclusion: In this study, OTMB and OA + OCMB were significantly superior to the triple therapy and succeeded to reach the eradication rate proposed by the Maastricht consensus [over 80%]. These two bismuth-containing regimens could be considered for first-line therapy in the regions with high clarithromycin resistance